"Solutions to their predicament include more-frequent bus service as well as investments in shade trees and structures."

Having more buses kind of defeats the whole carbon footprint reduction. If the bus system doesn't have it, they need to add Real Time service that tracks every vehicle in the system in real time on your phone. Someone can chill in air conditioning until they see the bus approaching the stop on their phone. It works for cold and inclement weather too. You don't have to wait at the stop.

PRT in Pittsburgh has the ap and it is pretty great.